Quantum Computing Benchmarks
Quantum Software — resource estimates from published papers. Click any blue value to open the source PDF with the data highlighted.
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Cryptography
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ECDLP
RSA-2048
Molecular
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Cytochrome P450
FeMoco
Ruthenium catalyst
Other
Meta Use-Case ⇅ Use-Case ⇅ Date ⇅ Last Author ⇅ Logical Qubits ⇅ Cost Metric ⇅ Cost Count ⇅ Time/Op (s) ⇅ Runtime ⇅ Physical Qubits ⇅ Architecture ⇅ Algorithm Class ⇅ Institution ⇅ Paper ⇅
Cryptography ECDLP P-256 2026-04-02 Li 1333 Toffoli 1.64×10¹⁰ n.r. n.r. n.r. Architecture agnostic Shor Tsinghua / Peking University 📄 PDF Cryptography ECDLP secp256k1 (low-qubit) 2026-03-30 Boneh 1,200 Toffoli 9×10⁷ n.r. 9 min 500,000 Superconducting Shor Google Quantum AI / UC Berkeley / Stanford / Ethereum Fdn 📄 PDF Cryptography ECDLP secp256k1 (low-gate) 2026-03-30 Boneh 1,450 Toffoli 7×10⁷ n.r. 9 min 500,000 Superconducting Shor Google Quantum AI / UC Berkeley / Stanford / Ethereum Fdn 📄 PDF Cryptography ECDLP P-256 2026-03-30 Bluvstein 1,200 Toffoli 7-9×10⁷ 3×10⁻¹ 264 days 10,000 Neutral atom Shor Oratomic / Caltech / UC Berkeley 📄 PDF Cryptography RSA-2048 2026-03-30 Bluvstein 1,200 Toffoli 7-9×10⁷ 6.67×10⁻³ 97 days 10,000 Neutral atom Shor Oratomic / Caltech / UC Berkeley 📄 PDF Cryptography ECDLP P-224 2026-02-17 Schrottenloher (alphabetical) 1,098 Toffoli n.r. n.r. n.r. n.r. Architecture agnostic Shor Inria Rennes / CNRS / IRISA / Univ Rennes 📄 PDF Cryptography ECDLP P-256 2026-02-17 Schrottenloher (alphabetical) 1,193 Toffoli 6.5×10¹² n.r. n.r. n.r. Architecture agnostic Shor Inria Rennes / CNRS / IRISA / Univ Rennes 📄 PDF Cryptography RSA-2048 2026-02-12 Cohen n.r. Toffoli 6.5×10⁹ n.r. days to weeks 100,000 Architecture agnostic Shor Iceberg Quantum / Univ Sydney 📄 PDF Cryptography ECDLP P-256 2025-10-27 Ma 4300 Toffoli 1.33×10⁹ n.r. n.r. n.r. Architecture agnostic Shor Tsinghua University 📄 PDF Cryptography RSA-2048 2025-05-21 Gidney (single author) 1409 Toffoli 6.5×10⁹ 9×10⁻⁵ <1 week 898,000 Superconducting Shor Google Quantum AI 📄 PDF Cryptography RSA-2048 (Regev-style) 2024-09-01 Schrottenloher (alphabetical) 1,730 Toffoli 2×10¹² n.r. n.r. n.r. Architecture agnostic Shor Inria Rennes / CNRS / IRISA 📄 PDF Cryptography ECDLP P-256 2023-06-14 Litinski n.r. Toffoli 5×10⁷ 1×10⁻⁵ 10 min/key n.r. Photonic Shor PsiQuantum 📄 PDF Cryptography ECDLP P-256 2023-02-13 Sangouard 2326 Toffoli 10¹⁰ 3×10⁻⁶ 9 hours 126,133 Cat qubit Shor IPhT (CEA Saclay) / Alice & Bob / ENS 📄 PDF Cryptography ECDLP P-256 2020-01-27 Soeken 2124 Toffoli 10¹⁰ n.r. n.r. n.r. Architecture agnostic Shor Microsoft Research / Univ Oxford 📄 PDF Cryptography RSA-2048 2019-05-23 Ekerå n.r. Toffoli 3×10⁹ 1×10⁻⁵ 8 hours 20,000,000 Superconducting Shor Google Quantum AI / KTH 📄 PDF Molecular Research Cytochrome P450 2026-03-24 Oshima 41-101 Pauli rotations 4.49×10⁶ - 4.06×10⁷ n.r. days to weeks 100,000 Superconducting Trotter-based QPE Fujitsu Research / Osaka University 📄 PDF Molecular Research Fe-S clusters 2026-03-24 Oshima 41-101 Pauli rotations 3.71×10⁴ - 3.72×10⁷ n.r. days to weeks 100,000 Superconducting Trotter-based QPE Fujitsu Research / Osaka University 📄 PDF Molecular Research Ruthenium CO₂ catalyst 2026-03-24 Oshima 41-101 Pauli rotations 2.18×10⁶ - 1.53×10⁷ n.r. days to weeks 100,000 Superconducting Trotter-based QPE Fujitsu Research / Osaka University 📄 PDF Molecular Research Pd zeolite (Z₂Pd) 2025-12-22 Atesoglu n.r. Toffoli ~10¹³ 1×10⁻⁵ ~6×10⁴ seconds 10,000,000 Architecture agnostic QPE-qubitization General Motors (inferred from author affiliations) 📄 PDF Molecular Research TiO 2025-12-22 Atesoglu ~10³ Toffoli ~10⁹–10¹¹ 1×10⁻⁵ n.r. 10,000,000 Architecture agnostic QPE-qubitization General Motors (inferred from author affiliations) 📄 PDF Molecular Research MnO 2025-12-22 Atesoglu ~10³ Toffoli ~10⁸–10¹¹ 1×10⁻⁵ n.r. 10,000,000 Architecture agnostic QPE-qubitization General Motors (inferred from author affiliations) 📄 PDF Molecular Research FeO 2025-12-22 Atesoglu ~10³ Toffoli ~10⁹–10¹¹ 1×10⁻⁵ n.r. 10,000,000 Architecture agnostic QPE-qubitization General Motors (inferred from author affiliations) 📄 PDF Molecular Research Cytochrome P450 2025-01-10 Cortes 999 Active volume 2.3×10¹¹ 8×10⁻¹⁰ tens of hours n.r. Photonic QPE-qubitization Boehringer Ingelheim / PsiQuantum / QC Ware 📄 PDF Molecular Research Cytochrome P450 2022-09-14 Rubin n.r. Toffoli 10¹⁰ 3×10⁻⁵ 73 hours 4,600,000 Superconducting QPE-qubitization Boehringer Ingelheim / QSimulate / Google Quantum AI 📄 PDF Molecular Research FeMoco 2021-08-27 Lekitsch 2,196 Toffoli 6.7×10⁹ 5×10⁻⁵ 4 days n.r. Superconducting QPE-qubitization Univ Sussex / Universal Quantum 📄 PDF Molecular Research Ruthenium CO₂ catalyst 2021-07-23 Troyer 3,200 Toffoli 10¹⁰ 3×10⁻⁴ 1 month 6,000,000 Superconducting QPE-qubitization Microsoft / ETH Zurich 📄 PDF Molecular Research FeMoco 2021-07-08 Babbush 2196 Toffoli 6.7×10⁹ 5×10⁻⁵ 4 days 4,000,000 Superconducting QPE-qubitization Columbia / Macquarie / Google Quantum AI / Univ Washington 📄 PDF
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Gate Type
None No logical qubits demonstrated — pre-fault-tolerant / utility regime
Memory Logical qubit storage: QEC rounds applied, no logical gate operations
Logical Cliffords Fault-tolerant Clifford gates (H, CNOT, S) — not universal alone
Universal gate set Includes a non-Clifford gate (CCZ or T) enabling universal fault-tolerant computation
Quantum Hardware
Physical quantum systems — resource metrics from published papers. Click any blue value to open the source PDF.
All
Superconducting
Trapped Ion
Neutral Atom
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